requests库简单描述
实例引入
>>> import requests
>>> response=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
>>> print(type(response))
<class 'requests.models.Response'>
>>> print(response.status_code)
200
>>> print(type(response.text))
<class 'str'>
>>> response.text
'<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç\x99¾åº¦ä¸\x80ä¸\x8bï¼\x8cä½\xa0å°±ç\x9f¥é\x81\x93</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=ç\x99¾åº¦ä¸\x80ä¸\x8b class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>æ\x96°é\x97»</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>å\x9c°å\x9b¾</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>è§\x86é¢\x91</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>è´´å\x90§</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>ç\x99»å½\x95</a> </noscript> <script>document.write(\'<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=\'+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ \'" name="tj_login" class="lb">ç\x99»å½\x95</a>\');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">æ\x9b´å¤\x9a产å\x93\x81</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>å\x85³äº\x8eç\x99¾åº¦</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使ç\x94¨ç\x99¾åº¦å\x89\x8då¿\x85读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>æ\x84\x8fè§\x81å\x8f\x8dé¦\x88</a> 京ICPè¯\x81030173å\x8f· <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>\r\n'
>>> response.cookies
<<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'>[Cookie(version=0, name='BDORZ', value='27315', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.baidu.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=1490789882, discard=False, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={}, rfc2109=False)]>
>>>
各种请求方式
import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
请求
基本GET请求
基本写法
>>> response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
>>> print(response.text)
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"
},
"origin": "223.95.78.229",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
>>>
带参数GET请求
>>> response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=fighter&age=18')
>>> print(response.text)
{
"args": {
"age": "18",
"name": "fighter"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"
},
"origin": "223.95.78.229",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=fighter&age=18"
}
>>>
>>> response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data)
>>> print(response)
<Response [200]>
>>> print(response.text)
{
"args": {
"age": "18",
"name": "fighteryu"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"
},
"origin": "223.95.78.229",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?age=18&name=fighteryu"
}
解析json
- response.text得到的是str类型的数据结构,用json解析之后得到的是dict类型
>>> import json
>>> a=response.text
>>> b=json.loads(a)
>>> print(b)
{'args': {'age': '18', 'name': 'fighteryu'}, 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get?age=18&name=fighteryu', 'headers': {'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.12.4', 'Connection': 'close', 'Accept': '*/*'}, 'origin': '223.95.78.229'}
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(b)
<class 'dict'>
>>>
获取二进制数据
>>> response=requests.get('http://www.fighteryu.xyz/images/icon.ico')
>>> a=response.text
>>> b=response.content
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(b)
<class 'bytes'>
>>> response=requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com/explore')
>>> print(response.text)
<html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
An internal server error occured.
</body></html>
>>>
>>> headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.102 Safari/537.36"}
>>> response=requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers)
>>> response.status_code
200
基本POST请求
>>> import requests
>>> data={"name":"fighteryu","age":"18"}
>>> url="http://httpbin.org/post"
>>> response=requests.post(url,data=data)
>>> print(response.text)
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"age": "18",
"name": "fighteryu"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "21",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.12.4"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "223.95.78.229",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
>>>
>>> headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/50.0.2661.102 Safari/537.36"}
>>> response=requests.post(url,data=data,headers=headers)
响应
reponse属性
>>> response=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
>>> response.status_code
200
>>> response.headers
{'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Length': '1284', 'Set-Cookie': 'andr=7;domain=.baidu.com;path=/;max-age=300', 'Content-Type': 'text/html;charset=UTF-8', 'Server': 'Apache-Coyote/1.1', 'Cache-Control': '', 'Pragma': 'no-cache'}
>>> response.cookies
<<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'>[Cookie(version=0, name='andr', value='7', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.baidu.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=1490714008, discard=False, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={}, rfc2109=False)]>
>>> response.url
'http://www.baidu.com/'
状态码判断
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
高级操作
文件上传
import requests
files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)
获取cookie
>>> response.cookies
<<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'>[Cookie(version=0, name='andr', value='7', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.baidu.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=1490714008, discard=False, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={}, rfc2109=False)]>
>>> for key,value in response.cookies.items():
print(key,value)
andr 7
会话维持
import requests
requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
证书验证
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)
代理设置
import requests
proxies = {
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
import requests
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
pip3 install 'requests[socks]'
import requests
proxies = {
'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
超时设置
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
认证设置
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)
import requests
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)
异常处理
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
print('Error')
Connection error